PCF8574 Open Day Kit

3 · How to explain it

Talking to people who have never written code

Your visitors are 16–18 year olds choosing a study, and their parents. Most have never heard of a kernel, and they don't need to. They should walk away thinking: “I understand what he built — and I could learn that.”

Let them do it first

Hand over the keyboard before you say a single technical word.

Start at the lights

Begin with what they see. Go one layer deeper only when they ask.

Picture first, word second

Use an analogy below; say the real term only after the picture lands.

Link it to their world

Phones, cars, game consoles, washing machines: all of them are software talking to chips.

Make it personal

Tell them what you didn't know when you started. That's the sentence parents remember.

The whole project in six pictures

Use them in this order. Each one adds a layer: you can stop after any of them and the story still makes sense.

Raspberry Pi + Linux

A tiny computer

The Pi is a full computer the size of a credit card. It runs Linux, the same core that is inside every Android phone.

PCF8574 · I2C

A power strip for switches

The Pi has only so many pins. This chip plugs into just 2 wires and gives back 8 switches. Several chips can share the same 2 wires, each with its own number.

Kernel · driver

A translator at the security desk

Apps aren't allowed to touch hardware: the kernel guards it like a security desk. My driver is the translator at that desk who speaks this chip's language.

1-byte protocol

A postcard with 8 boxes

Every request is one byte: 8 yes/no boxes. Three say which light, one says on or off, two say what kind of request. That's all it takes.

Driver memory

A notebook of all 8 lights

The chip only accepts the full picture: all 8 lights at once. So the driver keeps a notebook, changes the one line you asked for and sends the whole page.

Why it matters

Every gadget works like this

A phone camera, a car sensor, a smart thermostat: each chip needs someone to write the software that talks to it. That someone can be them.

Talk tracks

Three lengths of the same story. Read the visitor: start with 30 seconds and extend only when they lean in or ask a question.

For passers-by and parents. The whole thing happens while they type.

Hook0:00

Type your name here.Point at the keyboard. Demo app in letter mode (t).

Reveal0:10

See the lights? Every letter in a computer is really a number, and these 8 lights show that number in binary.

The work0:20

The part you can't see is mine: I wrote the piece of Linux that lets this program talk to that little chip. That's called a driver — and building things like this is what ICT & Embedded Systems is about.

Adapt to who's in front of you

Kids 10–14

Lights and binary only. Play the quiz on the visitor page, cheer when they get it right. “Computers count with only 0 and 1 — and you just did too.”

Future students 16–18

The 2-minute story, then: “You don't need to know any of this yet. This is what you learn here.” Show a few lines of the code on screen.

Parents focus: future

What the skills lead to: embedded software for cars, medical devices, robots, smart homes. And that the study is hands-on: real hardware, not only theory.

Techies go deep

Character device and file_operations, i2c_client, Device Tree matching, why the driver keeps a copy of the pin state, and the ioctl commands.

Jargon, translated

If one of these words slips out, follow it straight away with the plain version.

Term	Say instead
kernel	the core of the operating system: the boss of all the hardware
driver	a translator between programs and one specific chip
I2C	a two-wire “phone line” many chips share, each with its own number
GPIO pin	a pin the computer can switch on or off
bit / byte	one yes/no box / a row of 8 of them
user space	where normal apps live, with no direct access to hardware
system call	the official way an app asks the kernel for something
/dev/pcf8574	the mailbox where apps drop messages for my driver
Device Tree	the Pi's list of what is connected to it
ioctl	a “special request” form, for things like “all lights off”

Questions you will get

Short pointers, not scripts. The personal ones only work in your own words.

“Did you already know programming before you started?”

Answer honestly from your own experience — this is the question parents care about most. If you started as a beginner, say so: it's the most encouraging thing a 17-year-old can hear. For admission requirements, send them to the Fontys information stand rather than guessing.

“What can you do with this later?”

Anything where software meets hardware: cars, medical devices, robots, drones, smart-home products, consumer electronics, factory machines. Every chip in those needs software that talks to it, and someone who understands both sides.

“Isn't there already software for this chip?”

Yes: Linux has a general driver for this chip family (gpio-pcf857x). Building your own from scratch is the point: you learn every layer, from how the kernel finds hardware to how one byte travels from an app to a pin.

“Why one byte?”

It's the smallest message a computer sends in one go, and it fits everything: which pin, on or off, and what kind of request. The first version used 2 bytes with an 8-bit pin mask; the redesign halved it. The git history shows that change on 18 October 2025.

“What happens if two programs use it at the same time?”

Honest answer: the driver is a single-device prototype without locking, so two programs could interfere. Adding a mutex around the shared pin state is a natural next step — techies will appreciate that you know your own limits.

“How long did it take? Was it hard?”

Your own words. Facts you can lean on: the git history goes from registering the driver (16 October 2025) to the 1-byte protocol (18 October 2025), with the final version and documentation later.

Closing lines that connect to the study

Everything on this table — the electronics, the C code, the Linux part — is what ICT & Embedded Systems is about.

If you like building things you can actually touch, ask me how I got started.

Your personal line (fill this in)

Parents remember one personal sentence more than any technical detail. Prepare yours before the day:

Before this study I ______. Now I can ______.

Then hand them the QR code or point them to the programme stand.

4 · The library

libpcf8574: `setPin(6, ON)` instead of bits

Programs call plain functions. The library builds the command byte exactly as drawn in the README's “Communication mechanism” diagram and hands it to the driver. Nobody using it has to think about bits.

The command byte

Example: setPin(6, ON) → 0011 1110 = 0x3E

bit 7bit 6bit 5bit 4bit 3bit 2bit 1bit 0

Operation · bit 51 = WRITE0 = READ

Byte update · bit 41 = STATE byte0 = DIRECTION byte

Pin state · bit 31 = ON0 = OFF

Pin number · bits 2–0000 = pin 0111 = pin 7

Function	Request	Reaches the driver as
`setPin(pin, state)`	WRITE · STATE	`write(fd, &cmd, 1)`
`setPinDirection(pin, dir)`	WRITE · DIRECTION	`write(fd, &cmd, 1)`
`readPin(pin)`	READ · STATE	`read(fd, buf, 2)`, bit pin of `buf[0]`
`readPinDirection(pin)`	READ · DIRECTION	`read(fd, buf, 2)`, bit pin of `buf[1]`
`readAllPins(&s, &d)`	both bytes	`read(fd, buf, 2)`
`setPort(value)`	one WRITE per changed pin	`write()` × changed pins
`setAllPins(state)`	bulk	`ioctl(fd, 2 or 1)`
`initPins()`	bulk	`ioctl(fd, 0)`
`pcfOpen(path)`	`NULL` opens `/dev/pcf8574`; `"sim"` opens a built-in simulator for testing without hardware

Two things to know about your driver

Bit 5 isn't checked any more. The diagram puts the WRITE/READ flag on bit 5, but the final char_pcf8574_write() only looks at bits 4–0. The library sets bit 5 on every write, so it follows the diagram and works with today's driver. To make the driver enforce the diagram again, restore the check from commit 297aa95: if (!(byte & (1 << 5))) goto err;
A READ byte must never be written. Today's write() would treat it as “set” and switch a pin. That's why the library answers READ requests with read(), which returns the driver's remembered state (not live input from the chip).

Download all (.zip)

#ifndef LIBPCF8574_H
#define LIBPCF8574_H

#include <stdint.h>

/* USER-SPACE LIBRARY FOR THE PCF8574 CHARACTER DEVICE DRIVER */
/* Userland programs call setPin(), readPin(), ... and never deal with the binary protocol themselves. */

/* COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL (README.md -> "Communication mechanism") */
/*
*   Every request is described by 1 byte:
*
*   bit:    7   6   5    4      3      2   1   0
*         [ 0 | 0 | OP | BYTE | STATE | PIN NUMBER ]
*
*   Bit 5       -> Operation request bit    (1 - WRITE; 0 - READ)
*   Bit 4       -> Byte update bit          (1 - STATE byte; 0 - DIRECTION byte)
*   Bit 3       -> Pin state bit            (1 - ON; 0 - OFF)
*   Bit 2, 1, 0 -> Pin number formation     (000 - PIN 0 ... 111 - PIN 7)
*
*   WRITE requests are handed to the driver with write().
*   READ requests are answered by the driver's read(), which returns the state byte and the direction byte.
*/

#define PCF8574_DEVICE  "/dev/pcf8574"
#define PCF8574_SIM     "sim"           /* pcfOpen(PCF8574_SIM) runs without hardware */
#define PCF8574_PINS    8

#define PCF_OP_BIT      5
#define PCF_BYTE_BIT    4
#define PCF_STATE_BIT   3
#define PCF_PIN_MASK    0x07

enum pcf_op    { PCF_READ = 0,      PCF_WRITE = 1 };
enum pcf_byte  { PCF_DIRECTION = 0, PCF_STATE = 1 };
enum pcf_state { PCF_OFF = 0,       PCF_ON = 1 };
enum pcf_dir   { PCF_OUTPUT = 0,    PCF_INPUT = 1 };

/* Operations understood by the driver's ioctl() */
enum pcf_ioctl {
    PCF_IOCTL_INIT          = 0,    /* all pins OUTPUT and OFF */
    PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_LOW  = 1,
    PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_HIGH = 2
};

/* Called for every request the library makes; used by demos to show the protocol */
/* value is the command byte for WRITE/READ and the ioctl operation for IOCTL */
enum pcf_trace_kind { PCF_TRACE_WRITE, PCF_TRACE_READ, PCF_TRACE_IOCTL };
typedef void (*pcf_trace_fn)(int kind, uint8_t value, const char *call);

/* Opens the device. NULL opens /dev/pcf8574, PCF8574_SIM opens the built-in simulator. 0 on success, -1 on error (errno is set) */
int  pcfOpen(const char *path);
void pcfClose(void);
int  pcfIsSimulated(void);
void pcfSetTrace(pcf_trace_fn fn);

/* Builds the command byte exactly as in the communication mechanism diagram */
uint8_t pcfEncode(int op, int byte, int state, int pin);

/* All functions below return 0 (or the requested value) on success, -1 on error (errno is set) */
int setPin(int pin, int state);                 /* WRITE + STATE byte */
int setPinDirection(int pin, int dir);          /* WRITE + DIRECTION byte */
int readPin(int pin);                           /* READ  + STATE byte, returns 0 or 1 */
int readPinDirection(int pin);                  /* READ  + DIRECTION byte, returns 0 or 1 */
int readAllPins(uint8_t *state, uint8_t *dir);  /* both bytes at once; either pointer may be NULL */

int setPort(uint8_t value);                     /* bit N of value -> pin N; only changed pins are sent */
int setAllPins(int state);                      /* one ioctl() for all 8 pins */
int initPins(void);                             /* ioctl() INIT: all pins OUTPUT and OFF */

#endif

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "libpcf8574.h"

/* File descriptor of /dev/pcf8574; every request goes through it */
static int fd = -1;
static int simulated = 0;
static pcf_trace_fn trace = NULL;

/* SIMULATOR */
/* Behaves like the driver's write(), read() and ioctl(), so programs can be tested without hardware */

static uint8_t sim_level = 0xFF;    /* same start values as the driver's probe() */
static uint8_t sim_dir = 0x00;

static void sim_write(uint8_t cmd){
    uint8_t *ptr = (cmd & (1 << PCF_BYTE_BIT)) ? &sim_level : &sim_dir;
    uint8_t pin_n = cmd & PCF_PIN_MASK;

    if (cmd & (1 << PCF_STATE_BIT)){
        *ptr |= (1 << pin_n);
    }
    else{
        *ptr &= ~(1 << pin_n);
    }
}

static void sim_ioctl(int operation){
    switch(operation){
        case PCF_IOCTL_INIT:{
            sim_dir = 0x00;
            sim_level = 0x00;
            break;
        }
        case PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_LOW:{
            sim_level = 0x00;
            break;
        }
        case PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_HIGH:{
            sim_level = 0xFF;
            break;
        }
    }
}

/* TRANSPORT */
/* The only place where the library talks to the driver */

/* write() -> char_pcf8574_write() in the driver; the driver accepts exactly 1 byte */
static int dev_write(uint8_t cmd){
    if (simulated){
        sim_write(cmd);
        return 0;
    }
    ssize_t n = write(fd, &cmd, 1);
    if (n == 1){
        return 0;
    }
    if (n >= 0){
        errno = EIO;
    }
    return -1;
}

/* read() -> char_pcf8574_read() in the driver; the driver answers with exactly 2 bytes: {state, direction} */
static int dev_read(uint8_t buf[2]){
    if (simulated){
        buf[0] = sim_level;
        buf[1] = sim_dir;
        return 0;
    }
    ssize_t n = read(fd, buf, 2);
    if (n == 2){
        return 0;
    }
    if (n >= 0){
        errno = EIO;
    }
    return -1;
}

/* ioctl() -> char_pcf8574_ioctl() in the driver */
static int dev_ioctl(int operation){
    if (simulated){
        sim_ioctl(operation);
        return 0;
    }
    return ioctl(fd, operation, 0) < 0 ? -1 : 0;
}

static int check_open(void){
    if (fd < 0 && !simulated){
        errno = EBADF;
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int check_pin(int pin){
    if (check_open() < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    if (pin < 0 || pin >= PCF8574_PINS){
        errno = EINVAL;
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* PUBLIC API */

int pcfOpen(const char *path){
    pcfClose();

    if (path && strcmp(path, PCF8574_SIM) == 0){
        simulated = 1;
        return 0;
    }

    fd = open(path ? path : PCF8574_DEVICE, O_RDWR);
    return fd < 0 ? -1 : 0;
}

void pcfClose(void){
    if (fd >= 0){
        close(fd);
    }
    fd = -1;
    simulated = 0;
}

int pcfIsSimulated(void){
    return simulated;
}

void pcfSetTrace(pcf_trace_fn fn){
    trace = fn;
}

uint8_t pcfEncode(int op, int byte, int state, int pin){
    return (uint8_t)(((op ? 1 : 0) << PCF_OP_BIT) |
                     ((byte ? 1 : 0) << PCF_BYTE_BIT) |
                     ((state ? 1 : 0) << PCF_STATE_BIT) |
                     (pin & PCF_PIN_MASK));
}

/* Builds a WRITE request and hands it to the driver */
static int write_request(int byte, int pin, int state, const char *call){
    uint8_t cmd = pcfEncode(PCF_WRITE, byte, state, pin);

    if (trace){
        trace(PCF_TRACE_WRITE, cmd, call);
    }
    return dev_write(cmd);
}

/* Builds a READ request; the driver's read() returns both bytes, so the requested bit is picked here */
static int read_request(int byte, int pin, const char *call){
    uint8_t buf[2];

    if (trace){
        trace(PCF_TRACE_READ, pcfEncode(PCF_READ, byte, PCF_OFF, pin), call);
    }
    if (dev_read(buf) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    return ((byte == PCF_STATE ? buf[0] : buf[1]) >> pin) & 1;
}

int setPin(int pin, int state){
    char call[32];

    if (check_pin(pin) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    snprintf(call, sizeof(call), "setPin(%d, %s)", pin, state ? "ON" : "OFF");
    return write_request(PCF_STATE, pin, state, call);
}

int setPinDirection(int pin, int dir){
    char call[40];

    if (check_pin(pin) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    snprintf(call, sizeof(call), "setPinDirection(%d, %s)", pin, dir ? "INPUT" : "OUTPUT");
    return write_request(PCF_DIRECTION, pin, dir, call);
}

int readPin(int pin){
    char call[32];

    if (check_pin(pin) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    snprintf(call, sizeof(call), "readPin(%d)", pin);
    return read_request(PCF_STATE, pin, call);
}

int readPinDirection(int pin){
    char call[32];

    if (check_pin(pin) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    snprintf(call, sizeof(call), "readPinDirection(%d)", pin);
    return read_request(PCF_DIRECTION, pin, call);
}

int readAllPins(uint8_t *state, uint8_t *dir){
    uint8_t buf[2];

    if (check_open() < 0 || dev_read(buf) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    if (state){
        *state = buf[0];
    }
    if (dir){
        *dir = buf[1];
    }
    return 0;
}

int setPort(uint8_t value){
    uint8_t current;

    if (readAllPins(&current, NULL) < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    for (int pin = 0; pin < PCF8574_PINS; pin++){
        int wanted = (value >> pin) & 1;

        if (((current >> pin) & 1) != wanted && setPin(pin, wanted) < 0){
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int setAllPins(int state){
    int operation = state ? PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_HIGH : PCF_IOCTL_ALL_PINS_LOW;

    if (check_open() < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    if (trace){
        trace(PCF_TRACE_IOCTL, (uint8_t)operation, state ? "setAllPins(ON)" : "setAllPins(OFF)");
    }
    return dev_ioctl(operation);
}

int initPins(void){
    if (check_open() < 0){
        return -1;
    }
    if (trace){
        trace(PCF_TRACE_IOCTL, PCF_IOCTL_INIT, "initPins()");
    }
    return dev_ioctl(PCF_IOCTL_INIT);
}

/* blink - the smallest libpcf8574 program: blinks the LED on pin 0 five times */
/* Run "./blink sim" to try it without hardware */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "libpcf8574.h"

int main(int argc, char **argv){
    if (pcfOpen(argc > 1 ? argv[1] : PCF8574_DEVICE) < 0){
        perror("pcfOpen");
        return 1;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++){
        setPin(0, PCF_ON);
        printf("pin 0 is %s\n", readPin(0) ? "ON" : "OFF");
        sleep(1);

        setPin(0, PCF_OFF);
        printf("pin 0 is %s\n", readPin(0) ? "ON" : "OFF");
        sleep(1);
    }

    pcfClose();
    return 0;
}

5 · The demo app

pcf_demo: all 8 pins, one keypress each

A full-screen terminal app built on the library. Visitors press keys; the LEDs respond; the screen shows the exact byte each request turned into, coloured like the diagram. No extra libraries needed, so it builds on any Pi.

./pcf_demo — after typing “G”

  PCF8574 driver demo   simulator, no hardware

      pin    7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
    value  128   64   32   16    8    4    2    1
     LEDs    ○    ●    ○    ○    ○    ●    ●    ●   =  71 'G'

  'G'  =  0100 0111  =  71 = 64 + 4 + 2 + 1      [Esc] back

  Last request  setPin(6, ON)   ->  write(fd, &cmd, 1)

     0 0  1  1  1  1 1 0     = 0x3E (62)
          │  │  │  └─┬─┘
          │  │  │    └─ pin    110 = pin 6
          │  │  └────── state  1 = ON
          │  └───────── byte   1 = STATE
          └──────────── op     1 = WRITE

  History
    0x3E  0011 1110  WRITE STATE     ON   pin 6   setPin(6, ON)
    0x3A  0011 1010  WRITE STATE     ON   pin 2   setPin(2, ON)
    0x39  0011 1001  WRITE STATE     ON   pin 1   setPin(1, ON)
    0x38  0011 1000  WRITE STATE     ON   pin 0   setPin(0, ON)
    ioctl 1               all 8 pins             setAllPins(OFF)

  [0-7] toggle LED   [a] all on   [o] all off   [i] init
  [t] type letters   [n] number   [c] count   [k] scanner   [q] quiz   [x] exit

Keys

0–7: toggle one LED (READ, then WRITE)
a o: all on / all off with one ioctl()
i: driver reset (ioctl INIT)
t: type letters: each one shown in binary
n: show any number from 0 to 255
q: binary quiz with a score
c k: binary counter / scanner animation
x: exit

Options

--active-low: LEDs wired from 3.3 V into the pin (recommended, see Setup)
--sim: no hardware: rehearse on any Linux machine
--device: use another device node path

Download all (.zip)

/* pcf_demo - interactive demo of the PCF8574 driver, built on libpcf8574 */
/* Every request is shown as the command byte from the communication mechanism diagram */

#define _DEFAULT_SOURCE
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "libpcf8574.h"

/* Colours of the diagram: red - operation, orange - byte update, blue - pin state, green - pin number */
#define RESET   "\033[0m"
#define BOLD    "\033[1m"
#define DIM     "\033[2m"
#define C_OP    "\033[38;5;196m"
#define C_BYTE  "\033[38;5;208m"
#define C_STATE "\033[38;5;33m"
#define C_PIN   "\033[38;5;70m"
#define C_LED   "\033[1;93m"

#define KEY_NONE    -1      /* timeout */
#define KEY_EOF     -2      /* stdin closed */
#define KEY_ESC     27
#define HISTORY     5

struct request {
    int kind;
    uint8_t value;
    char call[40];
};

static const char *dev_path = PCF8574_DEVICE;
static int active_low = 0;          /* LEDs wired VCC -> resistor -> LED -> pin light up when the pin is LOW */
static char info[256];              /* message line under the LEDs */
static struct request history[HISTORY];
static int history_len = 0;

static struct termios saved_term;
static int term_saved = 0;

/* TERMINAL */

static void restore_terminal(void){
    if (term_saved){
        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_term);
        term_saved = 0;
    }
    fputs("\033[?25h\n", stdout);
    fflush(stdout);
}

static void on_signal(int sig){
    (void)sig;
    if (term_saved){
        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &saved_term);
    }
    if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\033[?25h\n", 7) < 0){
        /* nothing left to do */
    }
    _exit(130);
}

/* Keys arrive one by one, without Enter and without echo */
static void raw_terminal(void){
    struct termios t;

    if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO) || tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &saved_term) < 0){
        return;
    }
    term_saved = 1;
    t = saved_term;
    t.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
    t.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
    t.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &t);
}

/* Waits up to timeout_ms for a key (-1 waits forever) */
static int read_key(int timeout_ms){
    fd_set set;
    struct timeval tv;
    unsigned char c;

    FD_ZERO(&set);
    FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &set);
    tv.tv_sec = timeout_ms / 1000;
    tv.tv_usec = (timeout_ms % 1000) * 1000;

    if (select(STDIN_FILENO + 1, &set, NULL, NULL, timeout_ms < 0 ? NULL : &tv) <= 0){
        return KEY_NONE;
    }
    if (read(STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1) != 1){
        return KEY_EOF;
    }
    return c;
}

/* Prints one screen line and clears whatever was left there from the previous frame */
static void line(const char *fmt, ...){
    va_list args;

    va_start(args, fmt);
    vprintf(fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    fputs("\033[K\n", stdout);
}

/* HELPERS */

static const char *bin8(uint8_t v){
    static char buf[10];

    for (int i = 7, j = 0; i >= 0; i--){
        buf[j++] = (v >> i) & 1 ? '1' : '0';
        if (i == 4){
            buf[j++] = ' ';
        }
    }
    buf[9] = '\0';
    return buf;
}

/* "77 = 64 + 8 + 4 + 1" */
static const char *place_values(uint8_t v){
    static char buf[64];
    int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", v);
    const char *sep = " = ";

    for (int bit = 7; bit >= 0 && v; bit--){
        if (v & (1 << bit)){
            len += snprintf(buf + len, sizeof(buf) - len, "%s%d", sep, 1 << bit);
            sep = " + ";
        }
    }
    return buf;
}

static int led_level(int on){
    return active_low ? !on : on;
}

static int show_value(uint8_t v){
    return setPort(active_low ? (uint8_t)~v : v);
}

static int report_error(int rc){
    if (rc < 0){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), C_OP "Error: %s" RESET "  (is the driver loaded? check dmesg)", strerror(errno));
    }
    return rc;
}

/* Library callback: remembers the latest requests for the screen */
static void on_trace(int kind, uint8_t value, const char *call){
    memmove(&history[1], &history[0], sizeof(history[0]) * (HISTORY - 1));
    history[0].kind = kind;
    history[0].value = value;
    snprintf(history[0].call, sizeof(history[0].call), "%s", call);
    if (history_len < HISTORY){
        history_len++;
    }
}

/* SCREEN */

/* The latest request, drawn bit by bit like the communication mechanism diagram */
static void draw_request(const struct request *r){
    int b[8];

    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++){
        b[i] = (r->value >> i) & 1;
    }

    if (r->kind == PCF_TRACE_IOCTL){
        line("  Last request  " BOLD "%s" RESET "   ->  ioctl(fd, %d, 0)", r->call, r->value);
        line("");
        line("     One ioctl() call changes all 8 pins at once:");
        line("       0 = INIT (all outputs, all LOW)   1 = all LOW   2 = all HIGH");
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++){
            line("");
        }
        return;
    }

    line("  Last request  " BOLD "%s" RESET "   ->  %s", r->call,
         r->kind == PCF_TRACE_WRITE ? "write(fd, &cmd, 1)" : "read(fd, buf, 2)");
    line("");
    line("     " DIM "%d %d" RESET "  " C_OP "%d" RESET "  " C_BYTE "%d" RESET "  " C_STATE "%d" RESET "  " C_PIN "%d %d %d" RESET "     = 0x%02X (%d)",
         b[7], b[6], b[5], b[4], b[3], b[2], b[1], b[0], r->value, r->value);
    line("          " C_OP "│" RESET "  " C_BYTE "│" RESET "  " C_STATE "│" RESET "  " C_PIN "└─┬─┘" RESET);
    line("          " C_OP "│" RESET "  " C_BYTE "│" RESET "  " C_STATE "│" RESET "    " C_PIN "└─ pin    %d%d%d = pin %d" RESET,
         b[2], b[1], b[0], r->value & PCF_PIN_MASK);
    if (r->kind == PCF_TRACE_WRITE){
        line("          " C_OP "│" RESET "  " C_BYTE "│" RESET "  " C_STATE "└────── state  %d = %s" RESET, b[3], b[3] ? "ON" : "OFF");
    }
    else{
        line("          " C_OP "│" RESET "  " C_BYTE "│" RESET "  " C_STATE "└────── state  %d   (not used by READ)" RESET, b[3]);
    }
    line("          " C_OP "│" RESET "  " C_BYTE "└───────── byte   %d = %s" RESET, b[4], b[4] ? "STATE" : "DIRECTION");
    line("          " C_OP "└──────────── op     %d = %s" RESET, b[5], b[5] ? "WRITE" : "READ");
}

static void redraw(void){
    uint8_t state = 0, dir = 0;
    char leds[256];
    char letter[4] = "";
    int len = 0;

    readAllPins(&state, &dir);
    uint8_t lit = active_low ? (uint8_t)~state : state;

    for (int pin = 7; pin >= 0; pin--){
        len += snprintf(leds + len, sizeof(leds) - len, "    %s", (lit >> pin) & 1 ? C_LED "●" RESET : DIM "○" RESET);
    }
    if (lit > 32 && lit < 127){
        snprintf(letter, sizeof(letter), "'%c'", lit);
    }

    fputs("\033[H", stdout);
    line("");
    line("  " BOLD "PCF8574 driver demo" RESET "   " DIM "%s%s" RESET,
         pcfIsSimulated() ? "simulator, no hardware" : dev_path, active_low ? "  (active-low LEDs)" : "");
    line("");
    line("      pin    7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0");
    line("    value  128   64   32   16    8    4    2    1");
    line("     LEDs%s   = %3d %s", leds, lit, letter);
    line("");
    line("  %s", info);
    line("");

    if (history_len > 0){
        draw_request(&history[0]);
    }
    else{
        line("  Every request to the driver will be shown here, bit by bit.");
        for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++){
            line("");
        }
    }

    line("");
    line("  " DIM "History" RESET);
    for (int i = 0; i < HISTORY; i++){
        if (i >= history_len){
            line("");
        }
        else if (history[i].kind == PCF_TRACE_IOCTL){
            line("    " DIM "ioctl %d               all 8 pins             %s" RESET, history[i].value, history[i].call);
        }
        else{
            uint8_t v = history[i].value;
            line("    " DIM "0x%02X  %s  %-5s %-9s %-3s  pin %d   %s" RESET, v, bin8(v),
                 v & (1 << PCF_OP_BIT) ? "WRITE" : "READ",
                 v & (1 << PCF_BYTE_BIT) ? "STATE" : "DIRECTION",
                 v & (1 << PCF_OP_BIT) ? (v & (1 << PCF_STATE_BIT) ? "ON" : "OFF") : "",
                 v & PCF_PIN_MASK, history[i].call);
        }
    }
    line("");
    line("  " BOLD "[0-7]" RESET " toggle LED   " BOLD "[a]" RESET " all on   " BOLD "[o]" RESET " all off   " BOLD "[i]" RESET " init");
    line("  " BOLD "[t]" RESET " type letters   " BOLD "[n]" RESET " number   " BOLD "[c]" RESET " count   " BOLD "[k]" RESET " scanner   " BOLD "[q]" RESET " quiz   " BOLD "[x]" RESET " exit");
    fputs("\033[J", stdout);
    fflush(stdout);
}

/* MODES */

/* Reads up to 3 digits; returns the number or -1 when cancelled */
static int read_number(const char *prompt){
    char buf[4] = "";
    int len = 0;

    for (;;){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "%s " BOLD "%s_" RESET, prompt, buf);
        redraw();

        int k = read_key(-1);
        if (k == KEY_EOF || k == KEY_ESC){
            return -1;
        }
        if ((k == '\n' || k == '\r') && len > 0){
            return atoi(buf);
        }
        if ((k == 127 || k == 8) && len > 0){
            buf[--len] = '\0';
        }
        else if (k >= 0 && isdigit(k) && len < 3){
            buf[len++] = (char)k;
            buf[len] = '\0';
        }
    }
}

static void toggle_led(int pin){
    int level = readPin(pin);

    if (report_error(level) < 0){
        return;
    }
    int on = !(active_low ? !level : level);
    if (report_error(setPin(pin, led_level(on))) == 0){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "LED %d is now %s", pin, on ? "ON" : "OFF");
    }
}

static void type_letters(void){
    snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Type letters: each one lights up as its binary code.   " BOLD "[Esc]" RESET " back");

    for (;;){
        redraw();

        int k = read_key(-1);
        if (k == KEY_EOF || k == KEY_ESC || k == '\n' || k == '\r'){
            return;
        }
        if (k < 33 || k > 126){
            continue;
        }
        if (report_error(show_value((uint8_t)k)) == 0){
            snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "'%c'  =  %s  =  %s      " BOLD "[Esc]" RESET " back", k, bin8((uint8_t)k), place_values((uint8_t)k));
        }
    }
}

static void show_number(void){
    int v = read_number("Number from 0 to 255, then " BOLD "[Enter]" RESET ":");

    if (v < 0){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Pick a mode from the menu.");
    }
    else if (v > 255){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "8 LEDs give 256 combinations, so the biggest number is 255.");
    }
    else if (report_error(show_value((uint8_t)v)) == 0){
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "%s  =  %s", bin8((uint8_t)v), place_values((uint8_t)v));
    }
}

static void count(void){
    for (int v = 0; v <= 255; v++){
        if (report_error(show_value((uint8_t)v)) < 0){
            return;
        }
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Counting in binary: %3d = %s      " BOLD "[any key]" RESET " stop", v, bin8((uint8_t)v));
        redraw();
        if (read_key(150) != KEY_NONE){
            return;
        }
    }
}

static void scanner(void){
    int pos = 0, step = 1;

    for (;;){
        if (report_error(show_value((uint8_t)(1 << pos))) < 0){
            return;
        }
        snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Scanner: 2 setPin() calls per step      " BOLD "[any key]" RESET " stop");
        redraw();
        if (read_key(90) != KEY_NONE){
            return;
        }
        if (pos + step < 0 || pos + step > 7){
            step = -step;
        }
        pos += step;
    }
}

static void quiz(void){
    int score = 0, rounds = 0;
    char prompt[160];

    for (;;){
        uint8_t v = (uint8_t)(rand() % 255 + 1);

        if (report_error(show_value(v)) < 0){
            return;
        }
        snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt), "Quiz (%d/%d right): which number do the LEDs show? " BOLD "[Enter]" RESET ":", score, rounds);

        int guess = read_number(prompt);
        if (guess < 0){
            snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Quiz finished: %d of %d right.", score, rounds);
            return;
        }
        rounds++;
        if (guess == v){
            score++;
            snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Correct!  %s      " BOLD "[any key]" RESET " next  " BOLD "[Esc]" RESET " stop", place_values(v));
        }
        else{
            snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Not quite - it was %s      " BOLD "[any key]" RESET " next  " BOLD "[Esc]" RESET " stop", place_values(v));
        }
        redraw();

        int k = read_key(-1);
        if (k == KEY_EOF || k == KEY_ESC){
            snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Quiz finished: %d of %d right.", score, rounds);
            return;
        }
    }
}

static void usage(const char *name){
    printf("Usage: %s [--sim] [--device PATH] [--active-low]\n\n", name);
    printf("  --sim          run without hardware (built-in simulator)\n");
    printf("  --device PATH  device node to open (default %s)\n", PCF8574_DEVICE);
    printf("  --active-low   LEDs are wired VCC -> resistor -> LED -> pin, so a LOW pin lights them\n");
}

int main(int argc, char **argv){
    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++){
        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--sim") == 0){
            dev_path = PCF8574_SIM;
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--device") == 0 && i + 1 < argc){
            dev_path = argv[++i];
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--active-low") == 0){
            active_low = 1;
        }
        else{
            usage(argv[0]);
            return strcmp(argv[i], "--help") == 0 ? 0 : 1;
        }
    }

    if (pcfOpen(dev_path) < 0){
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open %s: %s\n", dev_path, strerror(errno));
        fprintf(stderr, "Load the driver and create the dev node first, or run with --sim.\n");
        return 1;
    }

    pcfSetTrace(on_trace);
    srand((unsigned)time(NULL));
    raw_terminal();
    signal(SIGINT, on_signal);
    signal(SIGTERM, on_signal);
    fputs("\033[?25l\033[2J", stdout);
    snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Press a key from the menu below.");

    for (;;){
        redraw();

        int k = read_key(-1);
        if (k == KEY_EOF || k == 'x' || k == 'X'){
            break;
        }
        if (k >= '0' && k <= '7'){
            toggle_led(k - '0');
            continue;
        }
        switch (tolower(k)){
            case 'a':{
                if (report_error(setAllPins(led_level(1))) == 0){
                    snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "All LEDs ON with a single ioctl() call");
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'o':{
                if (report_error(setAllPins(led_level(0))) == 0){
                    snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "All LEDs OFF with a single ioctl() call");
                }
                break;
            }
            case 'i':{
                if (report_error(initPins()) == 0){
                    snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "Driver reset: all pins are outputs and LOW");
                }
                break;
            }
            case 't': type_letters(); break;
            case 'n': show_number(); break;
            case 'c': count(); break;
            case 'k': scanner(); break;
            case 'q': quiz(); break;
        }
    }

    restore_terminal();
    pcfClose();
    return 0;
}

CFLAGS ?= -O2 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu11

all: libpcf8574.a pcf_demo blink

libpcf8574.a: libpcf8574.o
	$(AR) rcs $@ $^

libpcf8574.o pcf_demo.o blink.o: libpcf8574.h

pcf_demo: pcf_demo.o libpcf8574.a
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^

blink: blink.o libpcf8574.a
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^

clean:
	rm -f *.o *.a pcf_demo blink

.PHONY: all clean

# libpcf8574 + pcf_demo

User-space side of the PCF8574 driver: a small C library that speaks the 1-byte protocol from the
README's "Communication mechanism" diagram, and an interactive demo app built on top of it.

## Files
- `libpcf8574.h` / `libpcf8574.c` - the library (`setPin()`, `readPin()`, `setAllPins()`, ...)
- `pcf_demo.c` - interactive Open Day demo: toggle LEDs, type letters in binary, binary quiz, counter, scanner
- `blink.c` - the smallest possible program using the library
- `Makefile` - builds `libpcf8574.a`, `pcf_demo` and `blink`

## Protocol
```
bit:    7   6   5    4      3      2   1   0
      [ 0 | 0 | OP | BYTE | STATE | PIN NUMBER ]

OP    (bit 5)    1 - WRITE, 0 - READ
BYTE  (bit 4)    1 - STATE byte, 0 - DIRECTION byte
STATE (bit 3)    1 - ON, 0 - OFF
PIN   (bit 2-0)  000 - pin 0 ... 111 - pin 7
```
- WRITE requests go to the driver with `write(fd, &cmd, 1)`.
- READ requests are answered by `read(fd, buf, 2)`, which returns `{state byte, direction byte}`;
  the library picks out the requested pin. A READ byte is never written to the driver.
- `setAllPins()` / `initPins()` use the driver's `ioctl()` operations 0 (INIT), 1 (all LOW), 2 (all HIGH).

## Build and run (on the Raspberry Pi)
```bash
# driver (repo root)
make
sudo insmod pcf8574.ko
sudo dmesg -l warn                 # "Major is N" and the probe() message must both be there
sudo mknod /dev/pcf8574 c N 0
sudo chmod 666 /dev/pcf8574        # lets the demo run without sudo

# library + demo (this folder)
make
./pcf_demo                         # LEDs wired pin -> resistor -> LED -> GND
./pcf_demo --active-low            # LEDs wired VCC -> resistor -> LED -> pin
./pcf_demo --sim                   # no hardware: built-in simulator
```

## Using the library
```c
#include "libpcf8574.h"

pcfOpen(NULL);              /* /dev/pcf8574 */
setPin(6, PCF_ON);          /* sends 0011 1110 */
int on = readPin(6);        /* 1 */
setAllPins(PCF_OFF);        /* one ioctl() */
pcfClose();
```
Link with `libpcf8574.a`: `gcc -o app app.c libpcf8574.a`

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